{"id":887,"date":"2022-01-11T16:49:13","date_gmt":"2022-01-11T16:49:13","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/knepp.co.uk\/grazing-ecology\/"},"modified":"2023-08-09T11:44:34","modified_gmt":"2023-08-09T10:44:34","slug":"grazing-ecology","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/knepp.co.uk\/rewilding\/grazing-ecology\/","title":{"rendered":"Grazing Ecology"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t
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Grazing Ecology<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t
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At the heart of the Knepp rewilding experiment is the influence of Dutch ecologist Dr Frans Vera, whose ground-breaking book Grazing Ecology and Forest History\u202fwas translated into English in 2000. <\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t
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Vera identifies grazing animals as a fundamental and necessary force of natural disturbance. Previously, the impact of herbivores on the landscape of temperate zone Europe has been largely overlooked. Vera argues that we have forgotten about the huge numbers of megafauna \u2013 many of the species now extinct \u2013 that would have played a hugely influential part in our ecology. \u202f\u00a0<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>

Before human impact, animals like wisent (European bison), elk (known in America as moose), European wild horse, aurochs (the original wild ox), European beaver and the omnivorous wild boar, together with red deer and roe deer, Vera argues, would have been present in Europe in huge numbers \u2013 similar to the numbers we see in Africa today.\u00a0<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>

Their different grazing techniques and methods of physical disturbance \u2013 from trampling and puddling to rootling, rubbing, snapping branches and de-barking trees \u2013 together with their ability to transfer nutrients and disperse seeds over wide areas, would have stimulated a complex mosaic of habitats. Temperate zone Europe, Vera maintains, would have been characterised not by ubiquitous species-poor closed canopy forest \u2013 as is commonly thought \u2013 but by a more open form of wood-pasture driven by grazing animals. Europe would, for the most part, have been a dynamic, shifting landscape of open-grown trees, emerging scrub, grazing lawns, groves and thorny thickets.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>

The battle between these two opposing forces of nature \u2013 animal disturbance and vegetation succession \u2013 generates habitat complexity and biodiversity. Reintroducing some of these animals to the landscape \u2013 using domestic descendants as proxies for some of the extinct species \u2013 can have a hugely positive impact on nature, as Frans Vera and his colleagues have demonstrated in the pioneering Oostvaardersplassen project in Holland. In nearby Kransvlaak, too, the introduction of a few of bison and Konik ponies into a small nature reserve has proved an extraordinary stimulus for biodiversity.\u00a0<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>

Natural predators such as bears, lynx, wolves and wolverine would obviously have played a huge role in the pre-human eco-system, too. The possibilities for reintroducing these species into our densely populated modern landscapes, however, are limited. But the Oostvaardersplassen and other projects like it have shown that, even without predators, introducing a mix of free-roaming herbivores into an area can produce remarkable results.\u202f\u00a0<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>

As Frans Vera says, \u201cthe intention is not to try to recreate the past. That will always be impossible. Our world is irrevocably changed. But we can try and create something interesting and valuable with nature, using the components that are left to us.\u201d\u00a0<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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Further Information<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Donlan, C. J, Berger, J et al. \u2018Pleistocene rewilding: an optimistic agenda for twenty-first century conservation\u2019.\u00a0The American Naturalist, 168, pp.660-681. (2006)<\/p>

Fern\u00e1ndez, N., Torres, A., et al.\u00a0Boosting Ecological Restoration for a Wilder Europe. Rewilding Europe. (2020)\u00a0https:\/\/www.rewildingeurope.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/publications\/boosting-ecological-restoration-for-a-wilder-Europe\/index.html\u00a0<\/a>

Flannery, Tim.\u00a0Europe \u2013 a natural history.\u00a0Allen Lane. (2018)\u00a0<\/p>

Hodder, K. H., et al. \u2018Large herbivores in the wildwood and modern naturalistic grazing systems\u2019. Natural England report no 648. (2005)\u00a0

Lundgren, E. J. et al. \u2018Introduced herbivores restore Late Pleistocene ecological functions\u2019, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.\u00a0National Academy of Sciences. (2020) doi: 10.1073\/PNAS.1915769117.\u00a0<\/p>

Norton-Griffiths, M., and Sinclair, A.R.E.\u00a0Serengeti: Dynamics of an Ecosystem. \u202fUniversity of Chicago Press. (1979)\u00a0\u00a0

Schowanek, S.D., Davis, M. \u2018Reintroducing extirpated herbivores could partially reverse the late Quaternary decline of large and grazing species.\u2019\u00a0Global Ecology & Biogeography, 00, pp. 1-13. (2021)
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Smit, C. & Putman, R. \u2018Large herbivores as environmental engineers\u2019. In: Putman, R., Appolonia, M., & Andersen, R. (eds).\u00a0Ungulate Management in Europe,\u00a0pp. 260-83. Cambridge University Press. (2011)
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Vera, F.W.M.\u00a0Grazing Ecology and Forest History\u00a0(CABI Publishing, 2000)<\/p>

Vera, F.W.M., \u2018The dynamic European forest\u2019.\u00a0Arboricultural Journal,\u00a0Vol 26, pp.179-211.\u00a02002.

Vera, F.W.M, Bakker, E. & Olff, H. \u2018The influence of large herbivores on tree recruitment and forest dynamics\u2019. In: Danell, K., Duncan, P., et al (eds)\u00a0Large Herbivore Ecology, Ecosystem Dynamics and Conservation,\u00a0pp.203-231 (Cambridge University Press, 2006.)

Vera, F.W.M. \u2018Can\u2019t see the trees for the forest\u2019. In: D. Rotherham (ed).\u00a0Trees, Forested Landscapes and Grazing Animals \u2013 a European perspective on woodlands and grazed treescapes.\u2019\u00a0(Routledge, ch. 6, p.99-126. 2013)

Vera, F.W.M.\u00a0\u2018Large-scale nature development – the Oostvaardersplassen\u2019.\u00a0British Wildlife\u00a029, June 2009.

Vera, F.W.M.\u00a0\u2018The shifting baseline syndrome in restoration ecology.\u2019\u00a0In:\u00a0Restoration and History \u2013 the search for a usable environmental past, ed. Hall, M., pp 98-110 (Routledge Studies in Modern History, 2010)

Vera, F.W.M., Bakker, E., & Olff, H.\u00a0\u2018Large herbivores: missing partners of western European light-demanding tree and shrub species?\u2019\u00a0In:\u00a0Large Herbivore Ecology, Ecosystem Dynamics and Conservation, ed. K. Danell, P. Duncan, R. Bergstrom & J. Pastor. (Cambridge University Press, 2006)<\/span><\/p>

Letter of Intent to Natural England\u00a0from Sir Charles Burrell, Bt., December 2002.

Timeline for Rewilding Knepp<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Grazing Ecology At the heart of the Knepp rewilding experiment is the influence of Dutch ecologist Dr Frans Vera, whose ground-breaking book Grazing Ecology and Forest History\u202fwas translated into English in 2000. Vera identifies grazing animals as a fundamental and necessary force of natural disturbance. Previously, the impact of herbivores on the landscape of temperate<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1060,"parent":772,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"site-sidebar-layout":"no-sidebar","site-content-layout":"page-builder","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"disabled","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"disabled","footer-sml-layout":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-887","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nGrazing Ecology - 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